Jump to content

Pokhara

Coordinates: 28°12′30″N 83°59′20″E / 28.20833°N 83.98889°E / 28.20833; 83.98889
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Pokhara
पोखरा
Metropolitan City
Annapurna mountain reflected in Phewa lake
Boats in Baidam
International Mountain Museum
Matepani Gumba
Bindhyabasini Temple
Sarangkot
Pokhara Shanti Stupa
Poon Hill
Official seal of Pokhara
Seal
Nickname(s): 
City of lakes , Tourism Capital of Nepal
Motto(s): 
Nepali: सफा पोखरा; हरियो पोखरा, lit. 'Clean Pokhara, Green Pokhara'
Map
Pokhara is located in Nepal
Pokhara
Pokhara
Location within Nepal
Pokhara is located in Asia
Pokhara
Pokhara
Location within Asia
Pokhara is located in Earth
Pokhara
Pokhara
Location within Earth
Coordinates: 28°12′30″N 83°59′20″E / 28.20833°N 83.98889°E / 28.20833; 83.98889
Country   Nepal
ProvinceGandaki
DistrictKaski
Incorporated1962
No. of Wards33
Government
 • TypeMayor-council
 • BodyPokhara Metropolitan City Council
 • MayorDhana Raj Acharya, CPN (Unified Socialist)[1]
 • Deputy mayorManju Devi Gurung, CPN(UML)[2]
Area
 • Total
464.24 km2 (179.24 sq mi)
 • Water4.4 km2 (1.7 sq mi)
 • Rank1st
Elevation
822 m (2,697 ft)
Population
 (2021[3])
 • Total
599,504
 • Rank2nd
 • Density1,300/km2 (3,300/sq mi)
 • Households
120,594 (2nd most)
DemonymPokhareli
Languages
 • OfficialNepali and (Other Language)
Ethnicities
 • EthnicitiesBahun, Gurung, Chhetri, Magar, Newar,
Time zoneUTC+5:45 (NST)
Postal Codes
33700 (WRPD), 33702, 33704, 33706, 33708, 33713
Area code061
Websitepokharamun.gov.np

Pokhara (Nepali: पोखरा [ˈpokʰʌɾa]) is a metropolitan city located in central Nepal, which serves as the capital of Gandaki Province and is declared as the tourism capital of Nepal.[4] It is the second most populous city of the nation after Kathmandu, with 599,504 inhabitants living in 120,594 households as of 2021.[3] It is the country's largest metropolitan city in terms of area. The city also serves as the headquarters of Kaski District.[5] Pokhara is located 200 kilometres (120 miles) west of the capital, Kathmandu. The city is on the shore of Phewa Lake, and sits at an average elevation of approximately 822 m above sea level.[6] The Annapurna Range, with three out of the ten highest peaks in the world—Dhaulagiri, Annapurna I and Manaslu—is within 15–35 mi (24–56 km) aerial range from the valley.[7][8]

In 2024, Pokhara was declared as the tourism capital of Nepal,[9][10][11] being a base for trekkers undertaking the Annapurna Circuit through the Annapurna Conservation Area region[12] of the Annapurna ranges in the Himalayas. The city is also home to many of the elite Gurkha soldiers, soldiers native to South Asia of Nepalese nationality recruited for the British Army, Nepalese Army, Indian Army, Gurkha Contingent Singapore, Gurkha Reserve Unit Brunei, UN peacekeeping forces and in war zones around the world.[13]

Etymology

[edit]

The Nepali word "Pokhari" (Nepali: पोखरी, pronounced [ˈpokʰʌɾi]) means "pond". pokhara is a variant of Pokhari as the city has numerous ponds.

History

[edit]

By radiocarbon dating and investigating the alluvial deposits of Pokhara Valley, researchers have found that there were at least three large medieval earthquakes in 1000, 1255, and 1344 AD. Up to 9 cubic kilometres of conglomerates, massive mud and silt show indications of one or several megafloods that emanated from the Sabche Cirque in the Annapurna range.[14]

Pokhara lies on an important old trading route between China and India. In the 17th century, it was part of the Kingdom of Kaski which was one of the Chaubisi rajya (24 Kingdoms of Nepal, चौबिसे राज्य) ruled by a branch of the Shah dynasty. Many of the hills around Pokhara have medieval ruins from that time. In 1786, Prithvi Narayan Shah, the last ruler of the Gorkha Kingdom and first monarch of the Kingdom of Nepal, added Pokhara to his kingdom. It had by then become an important trading place on the routes from Kathmandu to Jumla and from India to Tibet.[15]

The first settlement of the valley is theorized to have taken place when the first King of Kaski, Kulamandan Shah Khad (also called Bichitra Khan and Jagati Khan), made Batulechaur in the northern side of the valley his winter capital during the mid 14th century. The people settled here included Parajuli Brahmins, who were asked to look after the Bindhyabasini temple and were given some land in that locality as Birta. Dhobi Gauda was the first market center developed in Pokhara valley before the last King of Kaski brought sixteen families of Newars from Kathmandu (Bhaktapur) to develop the present-day market (i.e., old market) in the 1770s. Prior to that people were settled in the peripheral hills.[16]

Pokhara was envisioned as a commercial center by the King of Kaski in the mid 18th century A.D.[17] when Newars of Bhaktapur migrated to Pokhara, upon being invited by the king, and settled near main business locations such as Bindhyabasini temple, Nalakomukh and Bhairab Tole. Most of Pokhara, at the time, was largely inhabited by Khas[18] (Brahmin, Chhetri and Dalits), Gurungs, Magars and Thakuri.[19][20]

At present, the Khas, Gurung (Tamu) and Magar form the dominant community of Pokhara. There is also a sizeable Newari population in the city.[21] Batulechaur in the far north of Pokhara is home to the Gandharvas or Gaaineys (the tribe of the musicians).[22]

Phewa lake in 1982

The nearby hills around Pokhara are covered by Gurung villages with few places belonging to the Khas community.[23] Magar communities are also present mostly in the southern outlying hills. A Newar community is almost non-existent in the villages of outlying hills outside the Pokhara city limits.

From 1959 to 1962, approximately 300,000 exiles entered Nepal from neighboring Tibet following its annexation by China. Most of the Tibetan exiles then sought asylum in Dharamshala and other Tibetan exile communities in India. According to UNHCR, since 1989, approximately 2500 Tibetans cross the border into Nepal each year,[24] many of whom arrive in Pokhara typically as a transit to Tibetan exile communities in India. About 50,000–60,000 Tibetan exiles reside in Nepal, and approximately 20,000 of the exiled Tibetans live in one of the 12 consolidated camps, eight in Kathmandu and four in and around Pokhara. The four Tibetan settlements in Pokhara are Jampaling, Paljorling, Tashi Ling, and Tashi Palkhel. These camps have evolved into well-built settlements, each with a gompa (Buddhist monastery), chorten and its particular architecture, and Tibetans have become a visible minority in the city.[25]

Until the end of the 1960s, the town was only accessible by foot and it was considered even more a mystical place than Kathmandu. The first road was completed in 1968 (Siddhartha Highway)[26] after which tourism set in and the city grew rapidly.[27] The area along the Phewa lake, called Lakeside, has developed into one of the major tourism hubs of Nepal.[28]

Geography

[edit]
Middle Hills

Due to the high population density and the frequency of natural disasters, western Nepal is considered one of the most disaster-prone regions in the world. Pokhara is considered particularly vulnerable to earthquakes and floods because the Seti Gandaki River flows through the city.[29] For example, the strongest earthquakes in the region include those of 2015 in Nepal.

Pokhara is in the northwestern corner of the Pokhara Valley,[30] which is a widening of the Seti Gandaki valley that lies in the region (Pahad) of the Himalayas. In this region, the mountains rise very quickly,[31] and within 30 kilometres (19 miles), the elevation rises from 1,000 to 7,500 metres (3,300 to 24,600 feet). As a result of this sharp rise in altitude the area of Pokhara has one of the highest precipitation rates in the country (3,350 mm/year or 131 inches/year in the valley to 5600 mm/year or 222 inches/year in Lumle).[32] Even within the city, there is a noticeable difference in rainfall between the south and the north: The northern part at the foothills of the mountains experiences a proportionally higher amount of precipitation. The Seti Gandaki is the main river flowing through the city.[33] The Seti Gandaki (White Gandaki) and its tributaries have created several gorges and canyons in and around Pokhara that give intriguingly long sections of terrace features to the city and surrounding areas. These long sections of terraces are interrupted by gorges that are hundreds of metres deep.[34] The Seti gorge runs through Pokhara from north to south and then west to east; at places, these gorges are only a few metres wide. In the north and south, the canyons are wider.[35]

In the south, the city borders Phewa Tal (or Phewa Lake) (4.4 km2) at an elevation of about 800 metres (2,600 feet) above sea level, while north of Pokhara, the village of Lumle at 1,740 metres (5,710 feet) touches the base of the Annapurna mountain range. Pokhara, the city of lakes, is the second-largest city of Nepal after Kathmandu. Three 8,000-metre (26,000-foot) peaks (Dhaulagiri, Annapurna, Manaslu) can be seen from the city.[36] The Machhapuchchhre (Fishtail) with an elevation of 6,993 metres (22,943 feet) is the closest to the city.[37]

The porous underground of the Pokhara valley favors the formation of caves and several caves can be found within city limits and neighboring cities as well. In the south of the city, a tributary of the Seti Gandaki River flowing out of the Phewa Lake disappears at Patale Chhango (पाताले छाँगो, Nepali for Hell's Falls, also called Davis Falls, after someone who supposedly fell in) into an underground gorge, to reappear 500 metres (1,600 feet) further south.[38][39]

Climate

[edit]

The city has a humid subtropical climate; however, the elevation keeps temperatures moderate. Temperatures in summer average between 25 and 35 °C; in winter around −2 to 15 °C. Pokhara and nearby areas receive a high amount of precipitation. Lumle, 40 kilometres (25 miles) from Pokhara city center, receives the highest amount of rainfall (> 5600 mm/year or 222 inches/year) in the country.[40] Snowfall is not observed in the valley, but surrounding hills experience occasional snowfall in the winter. Summers are humid and mild; most precipitation occurs during the monsoon season (June–September). Winter and spring skies are generally clear and sunny.[41] The highest temperature ever recorded in Pokhara was 38.5 °C (101.3 °F) on 4 May 2013, while the lowest temperature ever recorded was 0.5 °C (32.9 °F) on 13 January 2012.[42]

Climate data for Pokhara (1991–2020, extremes 1969–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 29.5
(85.1) 		31.7
(89.1) 		35.0
(95.0) 		37.4
(99.3) 		38.5
(101.3) 		37.0
(98.6) 		36.8
(98.2) 		35.6
(96.1) 		34.0
(93.2) 		32.0
(89.6) 		30.8
(87.4) 		25.5
(77.9) 		38.5
(101.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 19.9
(67.8) 		22.7
(72.9) 		27.1
(80.8) 		30.0
(86.0) 		30.4
(86.7) 		30.8
(87.4) 		30.4
(86.7) 		30.5
(86.9) 		29.9
(85.8) 		27.9
(82.2) 		24.4
(75.9) 		21.0
(69.8) 		27.1
(80.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 13.5
(56.3) 		16.2
(61.2) 		20.1
(68.2) 		23.1
(73.6) 		24.6
(76.3) 		26.0
(78.8) 		26.4
(79.5) 		26.4
(79.5) 		25.5
(77.9) 		22.6
(72.7) 		18.4
(65.1) 		14.7
(58.5) 		21.5
(70.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 7.1
(44.8) 		9.7
(49.5) 		13.1
(55.6) 		16.1
(61.0) 		18.7
(65.7) 		21.2
(70.2) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22.3
(72.1) 		21.1
(70.0) 		17.2
(63.0) 		12.3
(54.1) 		8.3
(46.9) 		15.8
(60.4)
Record low °C (°F) 0.5
(32.9) 		2.2
(36.0) 		4.8
(40.6) 		6.0
(42.8) 		7.9
(46.2) 		12.0
(53.6) 		13.0
(55.4) 		13.8
(56.8) 		15.9
(60.6) 		10.0
(50.0) 		4.0
(39.2) 		0.8
(33.4) 		0.5
(32.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 21.6
(0.85) 		35.1
(1.38) 		63.7
(2.51) 		141.7
(5.58) 		354.7
(13.96) 		648.2
(25.52) 		941.0
(37.05) 		839.4
(33.05) 		635.0
(25.00) 		159.2
(6.27) 		17.2
(0.68) 		11.5
(0.45) 		3,868.3
(152.30)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 2.4 3.8 6.4 10.5 18.3 22.2 25.6 24.3 19.4 8.0 1.3 1.0 143.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 204.6 208.1 229.4 219.0 167.4 111.0 105.4 96.1 132.0 189.1 222.0 220.1 2,104.2
Mean daily sunshine hours 6.6 7.3 7.4 7.3 5.4 3.7 3.4 3.1 4.4 6.1 7.4 7.1 5.8
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[43]
Source 2: Department of Hydrology and Meteorology[44][45]FAO (sun 1971–2000)[46]

Demographics

[edit]

At the time of the 2021 Nepal census, Pokhara Metropolitan City had a population of 599,504. Of these, 78.8% spoke Nepali, 11% Gurung, 2.4% Magar, 2.4% Newar, 1.4% Tamang, 0.8% Bhojpuri, 0.6% Hindi, 0.6% Maithili, 0.3% Tharu, 0.3% Urdu, 0.2% Magar Kham, 0.2% Rai, 0.2% Thakali, 0.1% Bengali, 0.1% Bhujel, 0.1% Chantyal, 0.1% Limbu and 0.1% other languages as their first language.[47]

In terms of ethnicity/caste, 28.0% were Hill Brahmin, 16.1% Gurung, 15.4% Chhetri, 9.1% Magar, 6.8% Kami, 5.4% Newar, 3.3% Damai/Dholi, 2.8% Tamang, 2.0% Sarki, 1.4% Gharti/Bhujel, 1.4% Thakuri, 0.9% Badi, 0.9% Musalman, 0.9% Sanyasi/Dasnami, 0.8% Rai, 0.6% Tharu, 0.5% Kumal, 0.5% Thakali, 0.2% Chhantyal, 0.2% other Dalit, 0.2% Kalwar, 0.2% Kathabaniyan, 0.2% Sonar, 0.2% Teli, 0.1% Bengali, 0.1% Dura, 0.1% foreigners, 0.1% Gaine, 0.1% Ghale, 0.1% Hajjam/Thakur, 0.1% Halwai, 0.1% Koiri/Kushwaha, 0.1% Limbu, 0.1% Majhi, 0.1% Sherpa, 0.1% Sunuwar, 0.1% other Terai and 0.1% Yadav.[48]

In terms of religion, 82.4% were Hindu, 13.2% Buddhist, 2.4% Christian, 0.9% Muslim, 0.6% Bon, 0.2% Prakriti, 0.1% Kirati and 0.2% others.[49]

In terms of literacy, 84.3% could read and write, 1.4% could only read and 14.3% could neither read nor write.[50]

Religion in Pokhara (2021)
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 82%
Buddhism
 
 13%
Christianity
 
 2%
Others
 
 2%

[51]

Caste and Ethnic groups in Pokhara

  Hill Brahman (28%)
  Gurung (16%)
  Chhetri (15%)
  Magar (9%)
  Kami (7%)
  Newar (5%)
  others (20%)

[51]

language in Pokhara

  Nepali (79%)
  Gurung (11%)
  Magar (2%)
  Newari (2%)
  Others (6%)
Broad Caste and Ethnicity category (2011 Census)
Broad Ethnic Category Sub Category[52] Linguistic Family Population Percentage
Khas (Hill/Pahari Caste Groups) Khas Brahmin, Chhetri, Kami, Thakuri, Damai Sarki, Sanyasi/Dasnami Indo-Aryan 58.1%
Janajati (Hill Tribal Groups) Gurung, Magar, Tamang, Sherpa, Rai, Limbu etc Sino-Tibetan 33.5%
Newar (Kathmandu Valley Caste Groups) Newari Brahmin, Shrestha, Tamrakar, Newar Buddhist, Maharjan, Rajkarnikar etc Indo-Aryan And Sino-Tibetan 5.4%
Madeshi (Terai Caste Groups) Yadav, Maithil Brahmins, Chamar, Kushwaha, Musahar, Kurmi, Dhanuk etc Indo-Aryan 1.1%
Muslim – Indo-Aryan 1%
Adibasi (Terai Indigenous Groups) Tharu, Rajbanshi, Tajpuriya etc Indo-Aryan And Sino-Tibetan 0.6%
Others – – 0.3%

Economy

[edit]

Since the 1990s, Pokhara has experienced rapid urbanization. As a result, service-sector industries have increasingly contributed to the local economy[53] overtaking the traditional agriculture. An effect of urbanization is seen in high real estate prices, among the highest in the country.[54][55] The major contributors to the economy of Pokhara are manufacturing and service sector including tourism; agriculture and the foreign and domestic remittances. Tourism, service sector and manufacturing contributes approximately 58% to the economy, remittances about 20% and agriculture nearly 16%.[56]

Hydroelectric power plants

[edit]

Pokhara has a number of hydroelectric power plants.

Temples, gumbas and churches

[edit]
See also: List of Hindu temples in Nepal

There are numerous temples, gumbas (Buddhist monasteries) and churches in and around Pokhara valley. Many temples serve as combined places of worship for Hindus and Buddhists.[58][59] Some of the popular temples, gumbas and churches are:

Location

[edit]
Wards of Pokhara
Ward No Administrative Ward Population (2011 Census)
1 Bagar 15,513
2 Miruwa 8,729
3 Nadipur 9,462
4 Gairapatan 9,119
5 Malepatan 14,803
6 Baidam 14,729
7 Masbar 12,875
8 Shrijana Chowk 26,080
9 Naya Bazar 16,626
10 Amarsingh 18,470
11 Ranipauwa 12,338
12 Sital Devi 11,613
13 Miya Patan 17,077
14 Majheripatan 6,427
15 Rambazar 17,027
16 Batulechaur 14,950
17 Birauta 26,752
18 Sarangkot 8,354
19 Lamachaur, Puranchaur 10,624
20 Bhalam 4,022
21 Nirmal Pokhari 9,090
22 Pumdi Bhumdi 7,391
23 Chapakot 4,917
24 Kaskikot 5,892
25 Hemja 12,262
26 Budhi Bazar 11,394
27 Tal Chowk 9,583
28 Kalika 4,727
29 Bhandardhik 8,961
30 Khudi 10,823
31 Begnas 7,378
32 Gagangauda 10,677
33 Bharat Pokhari 9806
TOTAL 414,141

The municipality of Pokhara spans 12 kilometres (7.5 miles) from north to south and 6 kilometres (3.7 miles) from east to west but, unlike the capital Kathmandu, it is quite loosely built up and still has much green space.[61] Nepal[62] The gorge through which the river flows is crossed at five places: K.I. Singh Pool, Mahendrapul and Prithvi Highway Pool from north to south of the city. The floor of the valley is plain, resembles Terai due to its gravel-like surface, and has slanted orientation from northwest to southeast. The city is surrounded by the hills overlooking the entire valley.

Phewa Lake was slightly enlarged by damming which poses a risk of silting up due to the inflow during the monsoon.[63] The outflowing water is partially used for hydropower generation at Fewa Hydropower Station.[64] The dam collapsed in 1974 which resulted in draining of its water and exposing the land leading to illegal land encroachment; since then the dam has been rebuilt.[65] The power plant is about 100 metres (330 feet) below at the bottom of the Phusre Khola gorge. Water from Phewa is diverted for irrigation into the southern Pokhara valley. The eastern Pokhara Valley receives irrigation water through a canal running from a reservoir by the Seti in the north of the city. Some parts of Phewa lake are used as commercial cage fisheries. The lake is currently being encroached upon by invasive water hyacinth (जलकुम्भी झार).[66]

In 2017, Pokhara Lekhnath Metropolitan City became Nepal's largest metropolitan city by area, occupying 464.24 km2 (179.24 sq mi)—which means the city is nine times larger than Kathmandu, 18 times larger than Lalitpur and 2.5 times larger than Bharatpur.[4]

Pokhara is known to be a popular tourist destination for visitors from all over the world. Every year, many people visit the location in order to travel to the Annapurna range and famous religious place muktinath.[67][68] The tourist district is along the north shore of the Phewa lake (Baidam, Lakeside, and Damside). It is mainly made up of small shops, non-star tourist hotels, restaurants, and bars. Most upscale and starred hotels are on the southern shore of the Phewa Lake and southeastern fringes of the city where there are more open lands and unhindered view of the surrounding mountains. Most of the tourists visiting Pokhara trek to the Annapurna Base Camp and Mustang. To the east of the Pokhara valley, there are seven smaller lakes such as Begnas Lake, Rupa Lake, Khaste lake, Maidi lake, Neureni lake, Dipang lake. Begnas Lake is known for its fishery projects.[69]

Tourism

[edit]
Main article: Tourism in Pokhara
View of Phewa lake and Pokhara from Shanti Stupa

After the occupation of Tibet by China in 1950 and the Indo-China war in 1962, the old trading route to India from Tibet through Pokhara became defunct. Today only a few caravans from Mustang arrive in Bagar.

In recent decades, Pokhara has become a major tourist destination: it is considered the tourism capital of Nepal,[11] mainly for adventure tourism and the base for the famous Annapurna Circuit trek. Thus, a major contribution to the local economy is made by the tourism and hospitalities industry. Tourism is the primary source of income for local people and the city.[70] There are two 5-star hotels and approximately 305 other hotels that includes one 4-star, five 3-star, fifteen 2-star and non-star hotels in the city.[71]

International Mountain Museum at Ratopahiro, Pokhara

The city promotes two major hilltops as viewpoints to see the city and surrounding panorama: World Peace Pagoda, built-in 1996 A.D. across the southern shore of Phewa Lake and Sarangkot, which is northwest of the city. In February 2004, International Mountain Museum (IMM)[72] was opened for public in Ratopahiro to boost the city's tourism. Other museums are Pokhara Regional Museum; an ethnographic museum; Annapurna Natural History Museum[73] which houses preserved specimens of flora and fauna, and contains a particularly extensive collection of the butterflies, found in the Western and Annapurna Conservation Area region of Nepal; and Gurkha Museum featuring the history of the Gurkha soldiers.[74]

Hotels

[edit]

There are around 375 tourist standard hotels, and many more are in the pipeline.[75]

Cable cars

[edit]

Annapurna Cable Car takes tourists from Lakeside to Sarangkot and back.[76] Another one being built will connect Phewa Lake with World Peace Stupa.[77][78][79][80]

Lake-Side view from Annapurna Cable Car

Military

[edit]

The Pokhara region has a very strong military tradition with a significant number of its men being employed by the Nepali army.[81] The Western Division HQ[82] of the Nepalese Army is stationed at Bijayapur, Pokhara and its Area of Responsibility (AOR) consists of the entire Western Development Region of Nepal. The AOR of this division is 29,398 km2 and a total of 16 districts are under the division. The population of the AOR of Western Division is 4,571,013. Both the British Army and the Indian Army have regional recruitment and pensioners facilitation camps in Pokhara. The British Gurkha Camp[83] is located at Deep Heights in the northeast of the Pokhara city and the Indian Gorkha Pension Camp[84] is on the south-western side of the city, Rambazar.

Electricity and water supply

[edit]

Electricity in Pokhara is regulated and distributed by the NEA Nepal Electricity Authority. Water supply and sanitation facilities are provided by the Nepal Water Supply Corporation (NWSC).

Education

[edit]
See also: List of educational institutions in Pokhara

Pokhara has more than eight hundred private and public high educational institutions. There are several institutions of higher learning up to the doctorate level in social sciences, business, and science and technology.

Transportation

[edit]

Public transit

[edit]

Pokhara has extensive privately operated public transportation system running throughout the city, adjoining townships and nearby villages. Pokhara Mahanagar Bus Bebasaya Samiti (green, brown and blue buses), Mama Bhanja Transport (blue buses), Bindabashini Samiti(blue buses), Phewa Bus Bebasaya Samiti(mini micros) and Lekhnath Bus Bebasaya Samiti (green and white buses) are the private companies that provide public bus transportation facility in and around Pokhara Valley. The public transport mainly consists of local and city buses, micros, micro-buses and metered-taxis.

Intercity connections

[edit]

Pokhara is well connected to the rest of the country through permanent road and air links. The main mode of transportation are Cars, Motorbikes, Public Buses, Taxis and the Purano Bus Park is the main hub for buses plying countrywide. The all-season Pokhara Airport with regular flights to Kathmandu and Mustang are operated by various domestic and a few international airlines. A new Pokhara International Airport is also present in the southeast of the city which has begun facilitating intercity and international travels.[85] Flight duration from Kathmandu to Pokhara is approximately 30 minutes.

Rivers and lakes

[edit]
Begnas lake lies in the east of Pokhara valley

Pokhara valley is rich in water sources. The major bodies of water in and around Pokhara are:[86][87]

Lakes

[edit]
Main article: Lake Cluster of Pokhara Valley

Rivers

[edit]

Sports and recreation

[edit]

The sporting activities are mainly centered in the multipurpose stadium Pokhara Rangasala (or Annapurna Stadium) in Rambazar. The popular sports are football, cricket, volleyball, basketball, martial arts, etc. The Sahara Club is one of the most active organizations promoting football in the city and organizes a South Asian club-level annual tournament: the Aaha Gold Cup.[88] Additionally, the Kaski District Football Association (KDFA) organizes Safal Pokhara Gold Cup,[89] which is also a South Asian club-level tournament and ANFA organizes local Kaski district club-level Balram KC memorial football tournament.[90] B-13, Sangam & LG are the powerhouse Football club in Pokhara. There are several tennis courts. Himalayan Golf Course has attracted international press for its unique design.[91][92] At 1100 meters, on the way, near Sarangkot hill, high mountain sports activity, paragliding is a good attraction for tourists as well as domestic tourists for adventure activities Nearby Sarangkot hill has developed as a good attraction for adventure activities such as paragliding[93] and skydiving.[94] The Pokhara city marathon, high altitude marathon are some activities attracting mass participation.[95] Adventure sports such as base jumping, paragliding, canyoning, rock climbing, bungee jumping, etc. are targeted towards tourists.[96][97][98] Pokhara Rhinos represents the city in Everest Premier League.

Music

[edit]

The universal instruments used in Nepalese music include the madal (small leather drum), bansuri (bamboo flute), and saarangi. These instruments are prominent features of the traditional folk music (lok gít or lok geet) in Pokhara, which is actually the western (Gandaki, Dhaulagiri and Lumbini) branch of Nepali lok geet. Some examples of music of this region are Resham Firiri (रेशम फिरिरी)[99] and Khyalee Tune (ख्याली धुन).[100]

The lok geet started airing in Radio Nepal during the 1950s and artists such as Jhalakman Gandharva, Dharma Raj Thapa are considered pioneers in bringing the lok git into mass media. During early and late 1990s, bands from Pokhara like Nepathya started their very successful fusion of western rock and pop with traditional folk music.[101] Since then several other musical groups in Nepal have adopted the lok-pop/rock style producing dozens of albums every year.

Another important part of cultural music of western Nepal, and hence Pokhara, is the Panché Baaja (पञ्चे बाजा), a traditional musical band performed generally during marriage ceremonies by the damaai musicians.[102]

The musical culture in Pokhara is quite dynamic and in recent years, Western rock and roll, pop, rap and hip-hop are becoming increasingly popular with frequently held musical concerts; however, the traditional lok and modern (semi-classical) Nepali music are predominantly favored by the general population. More musical concerts are held in Pokhara than in any other city in the country.[103][104]

Media and communications

[edit]

Media and communication were quite limited until the 1990s.[105] However, in the following decade there has been a proliferation of private media in print, radio and television. There are 19 privately owned local FM stations in the Pokhara valley. An additional 4 FM stations from Kathmandu have their relay broadcast stations in Pokhara.[106] There are six community radio stations and five television stations.

Approximately 14 national daily newspapers in Nepali are published in the city,[107][108][109] along with several other weekly and monthly news magazines. All major national newspapers published in Kathmandu have distributions in Pokhara. A number of online news portals are also updated from Pokhara, as well as some entertainment-based websites.[110][111] Popular technology based web-magazine TechSansar also started in Pokhara.[112]

Pokhara has got 4G network of Nepal Telecom, Smart Cell and Ncell. The majority of the people in the city access internet through mobiles, numerous cyber cafes, and local wireless ISPs. Most tourist restaurants and hotels also provide WiFi services. Wi-Fi hotspots by Nepal Telecom using Wi-MAX technology[113] were launched in February 2014, and are accessible in most parts of the city for a fee.[114][115] Subscriber based internet is provided by several private ISP providers.

Notable people from Pokhara

[edit]
See also: List of people from Pokhara

People who live or have lived in Pokhara City are known as Pokhareli. In demographic terms, the Gurung people are the dominant ethnic group, hailing from the hills around Pokhara such as Sikles, Armala, Ghalel gaun, Ghandruk, Lumle etc., with Brahmin from Syangja, Newar and Magar making up the rest of Pokhara's population. Pokhara also has the highest number of Gurkha soldiers, the majority of them belonging to Gurung and Magar ethnic groups, who were categorized as martial race by the British Army.[13]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Dhanraj Acharya elected mayor of Pokhara". Kathmandu Post. 25 May 2022. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  2. ^ "Dhanraj Acharya elected mayor of Pokhara". Kathmandu Post. 25 May 2022. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  3. ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). cbs.gov.np. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. ^ a b "Pokhara Lekhnath becomes largest metropolitan city". The Kathmandu Post. 13 March 2017. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  5. ^ "कास्की जिल्ला : एक सम्पूर्ण परिचय". Lokpati.com. 24 November 2019. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  6. ^ "VNPK—Pokhara Airport | SkyVector". skyvector.com. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  7. ^ United Nations Field Coordination Office (UNFCO) (7 June 2011). "An Overview of the Western Development Region of Nepal" (PDF). Bharatpur, Nepal: United Nations: Nepal Information Platform. pp. 1–9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
  8. ^ Pradhan, Pushkar Kumar (1982). "A Study of Traffic Flow on Siddartha and Prithvi Highway". The Himalayan Review. 14: 38–51. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013.
  9. ^ "Pokhara officially Nepal's tourism capital now; to remain accessible 24 hours". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  10. ^ "Nepal Declares Pokhara as Its Tourism Capital". 19 March 2024. Archived from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  11. ^ a b Nepal, S. K.; Kohler, T.; Banzhaf, B. R. (2002). Great Himalaya: tourism and the dynamics of change in Nepal. Zürich, Switzerland: Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research. ISBN 978-3-85515-106-6.
  12. ^ Holden, Andrew; Sparrowhawk, John (2002). "Understanding the motivations of ecotourists: the case of trekkers in Annapurna, Nepal". International Journal of Tourism Research. 4 (6): 435–446. doi:10.1002/jtr.402. ISSN 1522-1970.
  13. ^ a b Gray, Denis (7 July 2016). "Nepal's legendary Gurkhas face an uncertain future". Nikkei. Archived from the original on 11 January 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  14. ^ Schwanghart, W.; Bernhardt, Anne; Stolle, Amelie; Hoelzmann, Philipp; Adhikari, Basanta R.; Andermann, Christoff; Tofelde, Stefanie; Merchel, Silke; Rugel, Georg; Fort, Monique; Korup, Oliver (7 January 2016). "Repeated catastrophic valley infill following medieval earthquakes in the Nepal Himalaya". Science. 351 (6269): 147–150. Bibcode:2016Sci...351..147S. doi:10.1126/science.aac9865. PMID 26676354. S2CID 206641303.
  15. ^ Furer-Haimendorf, Christoph von (1978). "Trans-Himalayan Traders in Transition". In Fisher, James F. (ed.). Himalayan Anthropology. Great Britain: Mouton Publishers. p. 339. ISBN 978-90-279-7700-7.
  16. ^ Adhikari, Jagannath (2017). Pokhara—Urbanization, Environment and Development. Amazon.com. pp. Location 42—Kindle Ed.
  17. ^ Blaikie, P. M.; Cameron, John; Seddon, John Davis (2005). "The Growth of Towns in West-Central Nepal". Nepal in Crisis: Growth and Stagnation at the Periphery. New Delhi, India: Adroit Publishers. pp. Chapter 6. ISBN 978-81-87392-19-4.
  18. ^ Onta, Pratyoush; Liechty, Mark; Tama, Seira (December 2005). "Studies in Nepali History and Society". ResearchGate. 10 (2). Mandala Book Point, Kathmandu: Centre for Social Research and Development, Nepal Studies Group: 290. ISSN 1025-5109. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
  19. ^ Whelpton, John (2005). A History of Nepal. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80026-6.
  20. ^ Ragsdale, Tod Anthony (1989). Once a hermit kingdom: ethnicity, education and national integration in Nepal. Kathmandu: Manohar Publ. ISBN 978-81-85054-75-9.
  21. ^ Genetti, Carol (2007). "Context: The distribution of Newars throughout Nepal". A Grammar of Dolakha Newar. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, GmbH & Co., KG. p. 12. ISBN 978-3-11-019303-9.
  22. ^ Adhikari, Jagannath; Seddon, David (2002). Pokhara: biography of a town. Kathmandu, Nepal: Mandala Publications. ISBN 978-9993310143.
  23. ^ Ragsdale, Tod A. (January 1990). "Gurung, Gorkhalis, Gurkhas: Speculations on a Nepalese Ethno-History" (PDF). CNAS Journal. 17 (1): 1–24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2013.
  24. ^ Frechette, Ann (2002). Tibetans in Nepal: The Dynamics of International Assistance Among a Community in Exile (Studies in forced Migration – Vol. 11 ed.). USA: Berghahn Books. p. 136. ISBN 978-1-57181-157-8.
  25. ^ Chhetri, Ram B. (July 1990). Adaptation of Tibetan Refugees in Pokhara, Nepal: A Study on Persistence and Change (PhD thesis). University of Hawaii at Manoa. hdl:10125/9334. No. 2542.
  26. ^ Regmi Research Project (1979). Nepal Press Digest (Vol. 20, Issue 20 ed.). Regmi Research (Private) Ltd. p. 13.
  27. ^ Bindloss, Joe; Holden, Trent; Mayhew, Bradley (2009). Nepal (8th ed.). Melbourne, Australia: Lonely Planet Publications. pp. 235–270. ISBN 9781741048322.
  28. ^ Sharma, Pitamber (2000). "Phewa Lakeside: Problems of tourism and common property resources". Tourism as Development: Case Studies from the Himalaya. Kathmandu: Himal Books. p. 53. ISBN 978-99933-13-00-7.
  29. ^ "Pokhara, Nepal; Secondary Cities". Secondarycities.state.gov. Humanitarian Information Unit (HIU), U.S. Department of State, 2025 E St. NW, Washington, DC 20006; U.S. State Department, Humanitarian Information Unit, MapGive. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022. Due to its exposure to natural hazards and high population density, Western Nepal is considered one of the most disaster-prone regions in the world, and the city of Pokhara is particularly vulnerable to earthquakes and floods, with the Seti Gandaki River running through the city.
  30. ^ Gurung, Harka B. (2001). Pokhara Valley: A Geographical Survey. pokhara, Nepal: Nepal Geographical Society.
  31. ^ Joshi, S. C.; Haigh, M. J.; Pangtey, Y. P. S.; Joshi, D. R.; Dani, D. D. (1986). Joshi, S. C (ed.). Nepal Himalaya: geo-ecological perspectives. Naini Tal, India: Himalayan Research Group. pp. 78–80.
  32. ^ Bezruchka, Stephen; Lyons, Alonzo (2011). Trekking Nepal: A Traveler's Guide (8th ed.). Seattle, Washington, USA: The Mountaineers Books. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-89886-613-1.
  33. ^ Tripathi, M. P.; Singh, S. B. (1996). "Histogenesis and Functional Characteristics of Pokhara, Nepal". New Perspectives in Urban Geography. New Delhi, India: M D Publications Pvt. Ltd. pp. 51–60. ISBN 978-81-7533-014-6.
  34. ^ Fort, Monique (2010). "The Pokhara Valley: A Product of a Natural Catastrophe". In Migoń, Piotr (ed.). Geomorphological Landscapes of the World. London: Springer. pp. 265–274. ISBN 978-90-481-3054-2.
  35. ^ Paudel, Lalu Prasad; Arita, Kazunori (April 2000). "Tectonic and polymetamorphic history of the Lesser Himalaya in central Nepal". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 18 (5): 561–584. Bibcode:2000JAESc..18..561P. doi:10.1016/S1367-9120(99)00069-3. ISSN 1367-9120.
  36. ^ Herzog, Maurice (1952). Annapurna: The First Conquest of an 8,000-meter Peak (Kindle Edition in 2011 ed.). New York, NY, USA: E. P. Dutton & Co. Inc. ISBN 978-1-4532-2073-3.
  37. ^ Negi, S. S. (1998). "Geographical Profile". Discovering the Himalaya. New Delhi, India: Indus Publishing Company. pp. 9–55. ISBN 978-81-7387-079-8.
  38. ^ Gautam, Pitambar; Pant, Surendra Raj; Ando, Hisao (July 2000). "Mapping of subsurface karst structure with gamma ray and electrical resistivity profiles: a case study from Pokhara valley, central Nepal". Journal of Applied Geophysics. 45 (2): 97–110. Bibcode:2000JAG....45...97G. doi:10.1016/S0926-9851(00)00022-7. hdl:2115/42497. ISSN 0926-9851.
  39. ^ Thapa, Netra Bahadur; Thapa, D. P. (1969). Geography of Nepal: physical, economic, cultural & regional. Bombay, India: Orient Longmans. p. 186.
  40. ^ Kansakar, Sunil R; Hannah, David M.; Gerrard, John; Rees, Gwyn (2004). "Spatial pattern in the precipitation regime of Nepal". International Journal of Climatology. 24 (13): 1645–1659. Bibcode:2004IJCli..24.1645K. doi:10.1002/joc.1098. ISSN 1097-0088. S2CID 130409186.
  41. ^ Taylor, Chris (1998–1999). "The High Mountain Valleys and Passes". Traveler's Companion Nepal. France: Allan Amsel Publishing. pp. 184–190. ISBN 978-0-7627-0231-2.
  42. ^ "Extreme Temperatures of Month November" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2016..
  43. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  44. ^ "ANNUAL EXTREME TEMPERATURES" (PDF). Department of Hydrology and Meteorology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  45. ^ "PRECIPITATION NORMAL (MM) (1991-2020)" (PDF). Department of Hydrology and Meteorology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  46. ^ "World-wide Agroclimatic Data of FAO (FAOCLIM)". Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
  47. ^ NepalMap Language [1] Archived 3 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine
  48. ^ NepalMap Caste [2] Archived 3 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine
  49. ^ NepalMap Religion [3] Archived 3 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine
  50. ^ NepalMap Literacy [4] Archived 3 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine
  51. ^ a b "NepalMap profile: Pokhara Metropolitan". NepalMap. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  52. ^ "NepalMap profile: Kathmandu Metropolitan". Archived from the original on 27 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  53. ^ Thapa, Ram Bahadur (2004). "Financial Resource Mobilization in Pokhara Municipal Corporation". Journal of Nepalese Business Studies. 1 (1): 81–84. doi:10.3126/jnbs.v1i1.42.
  54. ^ Piipuu, Merilin (10 September 2014). "Pokhara tries to save its famous paddy". Nepali Times. No. 723. Archived from the original on 27 September 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  55. ^ Himalayan News Service (17 May 2013). "Project Pokhara". The Himalayan Times. Archived from the original on 3 November 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  56. ^ Baniya, Lal Bahadur (2004). "Human Resource Development Practice in Nepalese Business Organizations: A Case Study of Manufacturing Enterprises in Pokhara". Journal of Nepalese Business Studies. 1 (1): 58–68. doi:10.3126/jnbs.v1i1.39.
  57. ^ "Bijaypur Khola-2 Hydropower Project". Nepal Water Resource Portal. 2 July 2020. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  58. ^ Boke, Charis (2008). "Faithful Leisure, Faithful Work: Religious Practice as an Act of Consumption in Nepal". Himalayan Research Papers Archive: 1–21.
  59. ^ Adhikari, Jagannath (2004). "A socio-ecological analysis of 'the loss of public properties in an urban environivient: a case study of Pokhara, Nepal" (PDF). Contributions to Nepalese Studies. 31 (1): 85–114. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
  60. ^ Barclay, John (2009). "The Church in Nepal: Analysis of its Gestation and Growth". International Bulletin of Missionary Research. 33 (4): 189–194. doi:10.1177/239693930903300406. ISSN 0272-6122. S2CID 149187834. Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2013.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  61. ^ Poudel, Khagendra Raj (8 August 2019). Peskova, Katerina (ed.). Tour Guide Team | Private Trekking Tours in Nepal, Nepal (PDF). Nepal tour guide team. ISBN 978-80-254-1340-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 June 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  62. ^ Nakanishi, Masami; Watanabe, M. M.; Terashima, A.; Sako, Y.; Konda, T.; Shrestha, K.; Bhandary, H. K.; Ishida, Y. (2019). "Studies on Some Limnological Variables in Subtropical Lakes of the Pokhara Valley, Nepal". Japanese Journal of Limnology. 49 (2): 71–86. doi:10.3739/rikusui.49.71. ISSN 0021-5104.
  63. ^ Ross, Jamie; Gilbert, Robert (February 1999). "Lacustrine sedimentation in a monsoon environment: the record from Phewa Tal, middle mountain region of Nepal". Geomorphology. 27 (3–4): 307–323. Bibcode:1999Geomo..27..307R. doi:10.1016/S0169-555X(98)00079-8. ISSN 0169-555X.
  64. ^ Rai, Ash Kumar (2008). "Environmental Impact from River Damming for Hydroelectric Power Generation and Means of Mitigation". Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment. 1 (2): 22–25. doi:10.3126/hn.v1i0.881. ISSN 1998-5452.
  65. ^ Pokharel, Shailendra (2008). "Conservation of Phewa Lake of Pokhara, Nepal". The Research Center for Sustainability and Environment, Shiga University. Archived from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
  66. ^ Shrestha, M. K.; Batajoo, R. K.; Karki, G. B. (2002). "Prospects of fisheries enhancement and aquaculture in lakes and reservoirs of nepal". In Petr, T.; Swar, D. B (eds.). Cold Water Fisheries in the Trans-Himalayan Countries. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome: FAO Fisheries Technical Papers 431. p. 289. ISBN 978-92-5-104807-8. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  67. ^ Hall, C. Michael; Page, Stephen (2011). "18: Tourism in Nepal, Bhutan and Tibet: contrasts in the facilitation, constraining and control of tourism in the Himalayas – Nepal". Tourism in South and South East Asia: Issues and Cases. New York: Routledge. pp. 256–264. ISBN 9780750641289. Archived from the original on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  68. ^ Kantipur News Service (1 January 2014). "Pokhara tourism expects 2014 to herald new era of growth". Kantipur. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  69. ^ Rai, Ash Kumar (2000). "Evaluation of natural food for planktivorous fish in Lakes Phewa, Begnas, and Rupa in Pokhara Valley, Nepal". Limnology. 1 (2): 81–89. Bibcode:2000Limno...1...81R. doi:10.1007/s102010070014. S2CID 23782376.
  70. ^ Zurick, D. N. (1992). "Adventure Travel and Sustainable Tourism in the Peripheral Economy of Nepal". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 82 (4): 608–628. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01720.x.
  71. ^ Adhikari, B. (2011). "Tourism Strategy of Nepalese Government And Tourist's Purpose of Visit in Nepal". Aichi Shukutoku Knowledge Archive. 7: 79–94. hdl:10638/4985. ISSN 1881-0373.
  72. ^ Himalayan News Service (18 December 2011). "Pokhara gets another key attraction". The Himalayan Times. Kathmandu. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  73. ^ Smith, C. (1989). Butterflies of Nepal (Central Himalaya): a colour field guide including all the 614 species recorded up-to-date. Bangkok, Thailand: Tecpress Service. p. 351. ISBN 9789748684932.
  74. ^ Official Website. "The Gurkha Memorial Museum". Gurkha Memorial Museum Nepal. Archived from the original on 25 January 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  75. ^ "2018 brought more visitors and more money to Pokhara". kathmandupost.com. Archived from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
  76. ^ "Annapurna Cable Car brings hope amid tourism gloom". 23 October 2022. Archived from the original on 23 October 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
  77. ^ "2 new cable car lines to be built in Pokhara". www.nepaltibetnow.com. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  78. ^ "Chitawon Co-E Group". chitawoncoe.com.np. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  79. ^ Sapkota, Shreya (27 November 2017). "Sarangkot Cable Car Line to be Built in Pokhara". TechLekh: Latest Tech News, Reviews, Startups and Apps in Nepal. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  80. ^ "Sikles-Annapurna Cable Car". Issuu. 23 March 2019. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  81. ^ Heide, Susanne von der; Hoffman, Thomas (2001). Aspects of Migration and Mobility in Nepal. Portland, OR, USA: Hawthorne Blvd Books. ISBN 978-9993303619.
  82. ^ Official Website, Nepalese Army. "Western Division". Kathmandu: Nepalese Army (नेपाली सेना). Archived from the original on 16 April 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  83. ^ Official Website, Brigade of Gurkhas. "British Gurkhas Recruiting". UK: British Army. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012.
  84. ^ Official Website. "Pension Paying Office at Pokhara". India: Indian Embassy, Nepal. Archived from the original on 16 October 2011.
  85. ^ Himalayan News Service (15 October 2011). "Pokhara to have international airport". The Himalayan Times. Kathmandu. Archived from the original on 3 November 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
  86. ^ Thapa, Gopal B.; Weber, Karl E. (June 1992). "Deforestation in the Upper Pokhara Valley, Nepal". Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography. 12 (1): 52–67. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9493.1991.tb00028.x.
  87. ^ Bisht, Ramesh Chandra (2008). International Encyclopaedia of Himalayas (Vol. 4, Nepal Himalayas ed.). Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-8324-269-1.
  88. ^ Himalayan News Service (29 January 2012). "Sahara set for Aaha Gold Cup". The Himalayan Times. Kathmandu. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  89. ^ Himalayan News Service (24 October 2011). "Safal Pokhara Cup in November". The Himalayan Times. Kathmandu. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  90. ^ Republica Sports (26 December 2009). "Pokhara Valley win football tournament". Republica. Kathmandu. Archived from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  91. ^ "A Golfing High at Pokhara's Himalayan Golf Course". Himalayan Golf Course Pokhara. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
  92. ^ Brown, Thomas (24 August 2022). "This exotic course might have the world's best par-5s. The challenge is getting there". Golf Magazine. Archived from the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
  93. ^ Goldberg, Kory; Décary, Michelle (2009). "Kathmandu – Pokhara". Along the Path – The Mediator's Companion to the Buddha's Land. Onalaska, WA, USA: Pariyatti Press. pp. 326–329. ISBN 978-1-928706-56-4.
  94. ^ Himalayan News Service (1 November 2010). "Pokhara skies offer divers a swell time". The Himalayan Times. Kathmandu. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  95. ^ "Annapurna marathon begins Thursday". Republica. Kathmandu, Nepal. 27 April 2011. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  96. ^ Neupane, Kul Chandra (11 January 2004). "Paragliding lures more tourists to Pokhara". The Kathmandu Post. Archived from the original on 25 June 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  97. ^ Sharma, Lal Prasad (8 March 2012). "Pokhara entrepreneurs trying to lure more domestic tourists". e-Kantipur (Kantipur Publications). Archived from the original on 26 June 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  98. ^ Sharma, Shiva (22 September 2014). "High Ground introduces bungy jumping in Pokhara". The Kathmandu Post. No. XXII (216), pp. 13–14. Kantipur News Service. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  99. ^ Gandharva, Tirtha Bd. "Resham Firiri". MetaLab & MusicNepal. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
  100. ^ Nepali, Ram Sharan. "Khyalee Tune". MetaLab & MusicNepal. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
  101. ^ Greene, Paul D. (2002–2003). "Nepal's "Lok Pop" Music: Representations of the Folk, Tropes of Memory, and Studio Technologies". Asian Music. 34 (1): 43–65. JSTOR 834421.
  102. ^ Tingey, Carol (1994). Auspicious music in a changing society: The Dāmai musicians of Nepal. New Delhi, India: Heritage Publishers. ISBN 978-8170261933.
  103. ^ Acharya, Madhu Raman (2002). Nepal culture shift!: Reinventing Culture in the Himalayan Kingdom. New Delhi, India: Adroit Publishers. ISBN 978-8-18-739226-2.
  104. ^ Wallach, Jeremy; Berger, Harris M.; Greene, Paul D. (2011). "Metal and the Nation". Metal Rules the Globe: Heavy Metal Music Around the World. Durham, NC, USA: Duke University Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-8223-4733-0.
  105. ^ Wilmore, Michael (2008). Developing Alternative Media Traditions in Nepal. Langam, MD, USA: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-2525-0.
  106. ^ Lin, Kong Yen; Dixit, Kunda (1–7 May 2009). "Women on air". Nepali Times. Archived from the original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
  107. ^ "Samacharpati – Nepal's Trusted Digital Newspaper". Samacharpati. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  108. ^ "आदर्श समाज राष्ट्रिय दैनिक". Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
  109. ^ "समाधान राष्ट्रिय दैनिक". Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  110. ^ "ganthan". ganthan. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  111. ^ Kshetri, Indra Dhoj (2008). "Online News Portals in Nepal: An Overview". Bodhi. 2 (1): 260–267. doi:10.3126/bodhi.v2i1.2876. ISSN 2091-0479.
  112. ^ "About TechSansar". About TechSansar. 17 October 2014. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
  113. ^ "List & Location of available NT WiFi Hotspots". TechSansar.com. 15 March 2015. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  114. ^ Bhuju, Kriti (9 February 2014). "NT offers free Wi-Fi for a month". My Republica. Archived from the original on 2 November 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  115. ^ Nepal Telecom. "WiMAX : Wireless Broadband Internet Service: List of NT WiFi Hotspots". ntc.net.np. Nepal Telecom. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pokhara.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Pokhara.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokhara&oldid=1255494740"